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- What are Renal Calculi?
Kidney Stones are also termed as Renal Calculi. (Nephrolithiasis) A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract.
- What is the prevalence of renal calculi?
Renal stone disease is common, with a worldwide prevalence of between 2 and 20%. Lifetime prevalence is nearly 10% in men and 5% in women. Approximately 50 percent of patients with previous urinary calculi have a recurrence within 10 years.
- What are the risk factors for renal calculi?
- Dietary risk factors associated with increased stone risk:
- Low fluid intake, High intake of animal protein, High dietary sodium, Excessive intake of refined sugars, Foods rich in oxalate, High intake of grapefruit juice, apple juice and soft cola drinks.
- Family history of kidney stones (increase risk by three times)
- History of hypertension
- Obesity
- Various other medical conditions.
- Which is the most common type of renal calculi?
Calcium oxalate (alone or in combination) is the most common type of urinary stone.
- How is Renal Calculi diagnosed?
- Pain – classic colicky loin to groin pain or renal pain
- Haematuria, gross or microscopic
- Dysuria and strangury.
Systemic symptoms
- Restless patient, often writhing in distress
- Nausea, vomiting.
- Fever and chills ( if associated infection)
Asymptomatic
- Incidental stones
- Can calculi pass spontaneously?
- History and physical examination
- Serum and blood testing Calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, electrolytes
- Urine dipstick and microscopic examination
- Urine culture
- 24-Hours urine collection
- Imagining Modalities
Plain Radiography, IVP, USG, CT Scans.
- What are factors that can effect the management renal calculi?Kidney Yes, Nearly all urethral stones are supposed to be expelled spontaneously when their diameters are smaller than 4 mm. However, the spontaneous expulsion rate of distal ureter stones is about 25% if their sizes are between 4-6 mm and 5% if greater than 6mm. And calculi over 8mm are very rarely eliminated spontaneously. Therefore, active treatments are recommended for individuals with larger stones, especially their sizes are greater than 5 mm.
- What are factors that can effect the management renal calculi??Management of a kidney stone depends on its size, location, and composition and the presence of anatomical malformation and complications. The presence of a complication (complicated stone) - infection or obstruction – may necessitate immediate intervention, whereas uncomplicated stones can be managed conservatively with adequate fluid intake and analgesia. If a stone does not pass spontaneously then definitive treatment is needed to remove it. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, render the patient stone free and prevent recurrence.
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